The importance of it as a mantra in texts, traditions, rituals and meditation arose thereafter. The last four lines about phala-prashashti (benefits of chanting) are not older than 6th century CE and are not found in any older works, according to Dhaky. So the three lines regarding Acharya, Upadhyaya and Sadhu must have been added later. Composed around the beginning of the Common Era, Chattarimangalam Stotra mentions only Arhat, Siddha, Sadhu and Kevalipragnapti Dharma ( Dharma as prescribed by Omniscients) as four chief auspicious. Shatkandagam (circa 475-525 CE) and later Visheshavashyakbhashyavritti (circa 725 CE) and Anuyogadwarasuchi shows नमो (Namo) replaced with more Prakit णमो (Namo). In condensed edition of Avashyakasutra (dated circa last quarter of 5th century), the नं is also replaced with णं as well as अरहंत (Arahant) with अरिहंत (Arihant). This version also replaces Ardhamagadhi नं with Maharashtrian Prakrit णं. The Namaskara Mantra with all Pañca-Parameṣṭhi (five supreme souls) was first mentioned in the auspicious opening lines in the condensed edition of Vyākhyāprajñapti. Dhaky, these two lines were originally used as mangala (auspicious opening lines) in written works and rituals then. It was inscribed by the Jain monarch Kharavela of Kalinga kingdom. The Hathigumpha inscription dated between 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE starts with Namo Arahantanam ( नमो अरहंतानं) and Namo Save Sidhanam ( नमो सवे सिधानं), the first two lines of Namokar Mantra. In Kushana and Shaka periods of 1st century CE to the first quarter of 2nd century, only the first line was prevalent. History Hathigumpha inscription by King Khāravela at Udayagiri HillsĪ short inscription (dated 200 BCE to 100 BCE) found in Pale Caves in Maharashtra mentions Namo Arahatanam ( नमो अरहतानं) or Namo Arahantanam ( नमो अरहंतानं), only the first line of Namokara Mantra. The mantra is also variously referred to as the Pancha Namaskāra Mantra, Namaskāra Mantra, Navakāra Mantra, Namaskāra Mangala or Paramesthi Mantra. This is the first prayer recited by the Jains while meditating. The Ṇamōkāra mantra or Navkar Mantra is the most significant mantra in Jainism, and one of the oldest mantras in continuous practice.
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